Marriage-equality opponents frequently claim that marriage has
been heterosexual sinceâ¦well, since FOREVER, and that it is
arrogant and foolish to tinker with such a pervasive human
institution.
Whatever its logical shortcomings, the "always and everywhere"
argument is rhetorically effective. Even gay-rights advocates
concede that marriage equality seemed unthinkable just a decade or
two ago. Imagine how novel it appears to those who, unlike us, have
no direct stake in the issue.
It's tempting to respond that lots of things that seemed
unthinkable a few decades ago-iPhones, Facebook, Sarah Palin-are,
for better or worse, now familiar. But the reluctance to tinker
with marriage is deep-seated. The "always and everywhere" argument
demands a response that is not only logically sound but also
rhetorically compelling.
Several responses are worth pondering. I've given them each
names for convenience:
(1) False premise: The claim that marriage has
always been exclusively heterosexual suffers from what should be a
fatal flaw: it is simply not true. Same-sex marriages have been
documented in a number of cultures, notably some African and
Pacific Island cultures.
Marriage-equality opponents retort that these marriages are not
quite the same as modern same-sex marriages, since they typically
involve a kind of gender transformation of one of the partners. But
this response is a red herring. Sure, homosexual marriages in these
cultures look different from ours in various respects-but so do
their heterosexual marriages. More important, it is doubtful that
opponents would abandon their objection to contemporary same-sex
marriages as long as one partner agreed to be the "wife" and the
other the "husband."
The real problem with the "false premise" response is
rhetorical: The response depends on anthropological data unfamiliar
to most people, and it appeals to "exotic" cultures whose practices
most Americans find irrelevant.
(2) Heteronormativity: Rhetorical
considerations would also weigh against using words like
"heteronormativity" when responding to people's basic fears about
marriage. But it's nonetheless true that the "always and
everywhere" argument begs the question against those who
argue-quite rightly-that the heterosexual majority tends to oppress
the homosexual minority always and everywhere. Because of that
oppression, recorded history often ignores or erases our lives and
commitments.
Keep in mind that just a few decades ago, gays and lesbians were
still considered mentally ill in much of the West; even today, gays
are stoned to death in parts of the world. Against that backdrop,
it's not surprising that same-sex marriage seems newfangled. The
marriage-equality movement owes as much to an improved
understanding of sexuality as it does to changing views about
marriage.
(3) Not mandatory: Even granting the (false)
premise that marriage has been heterosexual "always and
everywhere," so what? No one is proposing that same-sex marriage be
made mandatory. Heterosexual marriage will continue to exist
"always and everywhere" for those who seek it, even while society
recognizes that it's not appropriate for everyone. The opponents'
argument seems to play on the irrational notion that giving
marriage to gays somehow means taking it away from straights.
(4) Non-sequitur: Let's concede to
marriage-equality opponents that history and tradition are
important, and that we should be cautious about changes to major
social institutions. Yet even if (contrary to fact) marriage were
heterosexual "always and everywhere," it does not follow that
marriage cannot expand and evolve. One should never confuse a
reasonable caution with a stubborn complacency.
Increasingly, that complacency is more than stubborn-it's
unconscionable. Marriage-equality opponents can no longer ignore
the fact that we fall in love, just like they do; that our
relationships have positive effects in our lives and the lives of
those around us, and that we reasonably seek to protect and nurture
these relationships. If not marriage for us, then what?
Ultimately, the problem with the "always and everywhere"
argument is that each new same-sex marriage is a living
counterexample to it. Whatever happened in the past, we have
marriage equality now-in a small but growing number of places.
These same-sex marriages are by and large bearing good fruit. If
ignoring tradition is "arrogant and foolish," ignoring the evidence
unfolding before us is exponentially so.