The ancient Roman Emperor Justinian believed that homosexuality
was the cause of earthquakes, plagues, famine, and various other
maladies. Modern-day critics have been only slightly less creative
in their allegations. Homosexuality has been blamed for the
breakdown of the family, the AIDS crisis, sexual abuse in the
priesthood - even the September 11th attacks. It sometimes seems as
if the entire nation's infrastructure hinges on my sex life. (Well,
not just mine, but I'm willing to do my part.)
Let us put aside the ridiculous allegations and focus on the
more plausible ones. If homosexuality were indeed harmful to
individuals or society, that would seem to provide a significant
moral strike against it. But is it really harmful? And do the
allegations prove what the critics claim - namely, that
homosexuality is morally wrong?
Consider one of the more common charges: that homosexuality
causes AIDS. On a straightforward reading, this claim is simply
false. The HIV virus causes AIDS, and without the virus present
homosexual people can have as much sex as they like without
worrying about AIDS. (Fatigue, yes; AIDS, no.)
But the critics doubtless mean something a bit more
sophisticated: namely, that (for men) homosexual sex is
statistically more likely to transmit the HIV virus than
heterosexual sex. This claim is true (given various significant
qualifications), but it is unclear what follows. For consider the
fact that, for women, heterosexual sex is statistically
more likely to transmit the HIV virus than homosexual sex. Yet no
one concludes from this that the Surgeon General ought to recommend
lesbianism, or that lesbianism is morally superior to female
heterosexuality. There are simply too many steps missing in the
argument.
The general form of the harm argument seems to be the
following:
Premise (1) Homosexual sex is risky.
Premise (2) Risky behavior is immoral.
Conclusion: Therefore, homosexual sex is immoral.
Both premises are false as written. Some homosexual sex
is risky, as is some heterosexual sex, not to mention many
activities that are not sexual at all. Some risky behavior is
immoral, but much is not. To take just one example: people who live
in two-story houses are at a demonstrably higher risk for serious
accidents than those who live in one-story houses, and yet
(thankfully) no one believes that ranch houses are morally
mandatory.
But what about risks to non-consenting parties? If I choose to
reside in a two-story house, thereby increasing my risk of
accidents (especially while donning my Norma Desmond costume and
dramatically prancing up and down the staircase), most people would
consider that "my business." But if I willfully impose risks on
unsuspecting others, I can rightfully be blamed. Does homosexuality
involve such "public" risks?
Here's where the arguments begin to get creative. My favorite
was offered by a priest who was offended by a lecture I gave ten
years ago at a Catholic university. "Of course homosexuality is bad
for society," he wrote in an angry letter to the school paper. "If
everyone were homosexual, there would be no society."
Perhaps. But if everyone were a Catholic priest, there would be
no society either. As the philosopher Jeremy Bentham quipped over
200 years ago, if homosexuals should be burnt at the stake for the
failure to procreate, "monks ought to be roasted alive by a slow
fire." Besides, even if there were an absolute moral obligation to
procreate (which there is not), it would not preclude homosexual
sex for those who had children through other means. Sorry,
Father.
More recently, critics have been fond of blaming homosexuals for
their "threat to the family." This too is perplexing. Homosexual
people come from families (contrary to rumor, we are not hatched
full grown in a factory in West Hollywood). Many of us are quite
devoted to our families, and an increasing number are forming
families of our own. Provided that these families embody love,
generosity, commitment - in short, family values - where's
the problem?
It is not as if the increased visibility of homosexuality will
lead people to flee from heterosexual marriage in droves. After
all, the usual response to a gay person is not, "No fair! How come
he gets to be gay and I don't?" Which raises a crucial point:
heterosexual marriage is right for some but not for everyone. To
pressure homosexual people into such marriages (through so-called
"reparative therapy," for example) is generally bad for them, bad
for their spouses, and bad for their children.
If we're really concerned with preventing harm, we ought to
begin by acknowledging this fact. Some people are happier in
heterosexual relationships; some are happier in homosexual
relationships; some are happier alone. When our fellow human beings
are happy, that's good for them and it's good for us. Any
"morality" that fails to recognize this doesn't deserve the
name.