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In my last post, I didn't mention that one witness followed Dr. Michael Lamb, and she is worth mentioning for a subsidiary, but very important reason.

Helen Zia wasn't called as an expert witness to any subject except her own life. She has lived in California for 18 years, and is currently legally married to her wife, after a couple of false starts.

Like all lesbians and gay men up until the last few years, Zia came to maturity in a world where there was no question about the fact she could not possibly marry the person she loved, so she accepted that she'd have to make do. But when she met her soul mate, she found her belief that marriage was the patriarchal construction of a hostile world eroded a bit in the face of that love. She and her wife have been together since meeting in 1982.

The other side objected to her testimony being offered. While Danny Chu for the City of San Francisco argued that Zia's experience as a lawfully married lesbian was relevant to the issues in the case, the Prop. 8 defenders insisted that anyone who isn't a scientific expert shouldn't be testifying.

The judge allowed Zia to testify, but clarified that he could decide, as the trier of fact, how much weight to give any evidence she would provide.

That is a central, and -- by lay observers -- easily overlooked part of legal proceedings. Judges want to have as much relevant evidence before them (or a jury) as possible; but how far does relevance extend? Depending on the lawyers involved, it could be infinite. Judges have a duty to limit what can be admitted into consideration. Remember the O.J. trials?

But what does "weight" mean? Simply put, is it credible? Is it probative of the issue for which it's being offered? How credible? How probative? Those are judgments that rest with the decider. In this case, one woman's testimony about her experience with discrimination, and with the changed expectations of her family after she was married are certainly important to her, and illustrative of what others likely could testify to. But it's just this one woman.

Read the summary of her testimony here or here, and judge for yourself how important you think it is to the issues in this trial.

This is important, not just for the weight Judge Walker will give the testimony, or any other evidence. He will not be the last word on this case. Some people have wondered why on earth David H. Thompson was making such nakedly political and anti-scientific points in his cross-examination of Michael Lamb. And many were simply absurd, if not ignorant.
But we have had absurd and ignorant arguments used against us before. The most recent example came just last week, when a majority of the U.S. Supreme Court accepted the assertion that we are threatening and dangerous aggressors against those who seek to (and have the votes to) deny us legal recognition for our relationships. They are likened to the civil rights workers of the 1960s, and we are aligned with the southern police who called out the dogs and cranked up the firehoses.

The judges who accepted that onionskin thin argument are the audience Thompson was playing to. As long as there is something - anything - in the evidence presented in this courtroom that a judge down the line can believe or pretend to believe, they can put that into black-and-white and retain the legally discriminatory status quo. Under the rational basis test (which will surely be our fate), any evidence at all to support discriminatory treatment will do, as long as five Supreme Court justices can find it in the record before them.

In that sense, Zia's testimony is not that big an issue. The sometimes bizarre questions Prop. 8's defenders are asking on cross-examination are the real meat and potatoes. It is there they have to discover whatever meager justifications they can cobble together to explain why heterosexuals must retain their marital privileges. Judges don't have an obligation to accept the best evidence, just the best evidence they can cite with a straight face.

I admit I was really shaken when the Supreme Court majority accepted the argument about us being the victimizers of our innocent opponents. But that is how this case will - or can be - decided: on the thinnest of excuses, and with one eye firmly planted on politics, not constitutional law. That's happened to us before in the Supreme Court, and it's exactly what lesbian and gay legal groups worried most about with this case. At least as things stand right now, anything weighs more than we do on the Supreme Court's scales of justice.

The week ended for the Prop. 8 trial with Michael Lamb testifying about how studies of children raised by same-sex couples show that the kids are alright: No better and no worse than the kids raised by heterosexual couples.

David H. Thompson had the job of cross-examining Lamb, and I'll leave it to others to discuss some obvious problems. But one thing Thompson kept harping on was the contradictions of older studies -- some relying on data about parenting from the 1950s and 60s -- with newer ones. Lamb began his work in this field in the 1970s with some views that changed by the 1990s, and Thompson refused to believe that the data had changed, suggesting it was Lamb who had.

Any time the 1970s is mentioned, it should ring a bell in any discussion of gay equality. That was a landmark decade, when 20 states repealed their sodomy laws, joining lonely Illinois, which was ahead of the pack back in 1961.

It is too easy to forget or underestimate this context; but it is essential to understanding what is happening today in the courtroom. Sodomy laws were the primary tool government had to actually enforce the silence of the closet. They enshrined in law the cultural misperceptions about homosexuality that pervaded the culture at large. Growing up in this country in the 1960s, and well into the 1970s, people who publicly identified themselves as homosexual were subject to prosecution, fines and actual imprisonment. There is simply no equivalent that heterosexuals had to endure.

And criminal conviction is not the half of it. While the sodomy laws, themselves, were seldom actually enforced, they provided the foundation for police harassment and social ostracism. Again, George Chauncey's testimony does an exemplary job of exploring this. In the face of the existence of such laws, and an almost universal social stigma, the act of coming out was dangerous at worst, but foolhardy in even the best cases. Yes, people knew of homosexuals then - as sexual deviants and perverts and queers. The bravest and most far-thinking lesbians and gay men came out in the 1950s and 60s, but they were literally risking their lives, and certainly their freedom. However they were viewed, it was not as mainstream.

So what kind of data about same-sex parenting would have been available for the years when, in many states, sodomy was still a crime? Obviously, pretty much nothing of value, at least if your goal is to compare how the children of same-sex couples compare to the children of opposite-sex couples. If a gay person wanted or needed to stay in the closet (as the vast majority of lesbians and gay men did), you certainly didn't set up housekeeping with a same-sex partner and your children. The social obliviousness of the time only went so far. Some people who came out had been heterosexually married, and began fighting in the courts for custody of their children, but that was an emotionally wracking experience, particularly for the children. And it was not common.

The 1986 Supreme Court decision in Bowers v. Hardwick affirmed the right of states to criminalize homosexuals, and inflamed the problem. Americans with a predisposition to believing the existing set of prejudices were reinforced: It was entirely acceptable to view homosexuals as criminals - the Supreme Court said so.

But the cultural shift was already in place, and it was the reaction to Bowers by homosexuals that was so important. I know that it got me interested in politics and governance. More important, it finally opened up the conversation about homosexual equality which had been kept captive in the same closet with the rest of us.

So I think it's fair to say that lesbians and gay men who began coming out to themselves and their families in the 1970s and 80s, and forming public relationships that in earlier times would have only confirmed their criminal and/or deviate status, was itself a revolution enough.

But as heterosexual couples were becoming comfortable with their constitutional right to use birth control, and even not to have children at all, homosexual couples began to see the possibility of becoming parents, not just of children from a prior heterosexual marriage one of them might have had, but of their own - whether adopted or by use of the technologies that had been developed for their similarly situated heterosexual counterparts.

It is amazing to me that data about the children of those couples in the 1980s and 1990s is as favorable as it is, given that those children were really the first generation of any size to have grown up with parents of the same sex. I suppose that can be attributed to the dedication of those couples to negotiate both the bureaucratic maze that all parents must go through to adopt or conceive a child with technological assistance, and also the residue of prejudice against them, simply for being homosexual and not ashamed of it. If you want a child that badly, it's a safe bet the child will not lack for parental attention.

It was not until 2003 that the U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled that sodomy laws are unconstitutional, and removed the primary legal stigma against homosexuality once and for all. Nevertheless, the social stigmas still remain, as we see again and again.

But now, the legal barriers to coming out are gone. People may remain in the closet for their own reasons, but they don't need to fear prosecution by the government.
And that will, itself, bring out even more same-sex couples, and produce more children of same-sex couples. Those children shouldn't need to bear the social stigma some people have against their parents, but that is what some people insist on. That is their right, but it is not to their credit.

Is it at all likely that the children of same-sex couples who are growing up now will do worse than the generation that preceded them? I think that's unlikely, but I'll leave that to the academics who study such things.

But for legal purposes - for the purposes of the case now in court - it is safe to assume that the data available to the court about the effects of same-sex parenting on children will be the worst-case scenario. Those parents were pioneers. From now on, they'll just be parents.

***CORRECTION*** The original post identified the witness as "Brian" Lamb, when in fact it was Dr. Michael Lamb. I've corrected that in the post. I have no idea what Brian Lamb thinks of studies about same-sex parenting skills, if anything.

Newsweek has a nice cover story, The Conscience of a Conservative, about Ted Olson, labeled "the unlikeliest champion of gay marriage." That's because "he is one of the more prominent Republicans in Washington, and among the most formidable conservative lawyers in the country." He was, in fact, head of the Office of Legal Counsel under Ronald Reagan, and Solicitor General under George W. Bush. That overview is followed by Olson's essay, The Conservative Case for Gay Marriage, on "Why Same-Sex Marriage is an American value."

Yes, I anticipate the barrage of comments about why we should only support Democrats because Democrats are better. But what's interesting about Olson and his legal efforts on behalf of marriage equality is that it's happening despite the fact that the LGBT political establishment is pretty much run by Democrats as a fundraising operation for their party. Imagine what the political scene might look like with a little bit of outreach across the aisle.

More. Conservative commentator and Fox News contributor Margaret Hoover, on Why I'm Joining the Fight for Marriage Equality.

Today's news from the Prop. 8 trial is that discrimination against lesbians and gay men can have ill effects on their lives.

That should hardly need proving, but this is a court of law, and to opponents who are disinclined to believe much of anything we say, proof is necessary.

The witness assigned to this matter was Dr. Ilan Meyer, Associate Professor of Clinical Sociomedical Sciences at Columbia University. He has worked in this field for two decades, and has done numerous studies of the effects of stigma on gay people and same-sex couples.

After reading the liveblogs of his testimony at both Firedoglake and the Courage Campaign, I have to say that the impression I came away with is that the Clinical Sociomedical Sciences make bigger claims than they can live up to. Dr. Meyer was articulate, thoughtful and dedicated, but on cross-examination, it became clear to me that he's attempting to quantify something that is unquantifiable. In the (imperfect but amazingly timely) transcripts of his answers he constantly seemed, to me, to be tripped up by pretty obvious things.

For example, his research purports to measure how much the stress from social stigmas affects minorities, specifically lesbians and gay men. But when asked whether he could factor out stress from being a racial minority or a woman from stress due to homosexuality he was unable to do so. That would seem to be a central point for someone who's an expert on how much of a problem the stigma resulting from homosexuality is.

But I can't really blame him. No one could accurately measure, or even approximate, such a thing. But that wasn't the worst obvious knot he couldn't extricate himself from: While his conclusion is that homosexuals suffer more psychological stress than heterosexuals, his side is also presenting evidence that same-sex couples are as well-adjusted as opposite-sex couples, particularly when it comes to raising children. What rational cross-examiner would miss that glaring contradiction? We've happily left behind the days when homosexuality was considered a mental illness, and marched, banners flying, into an age where we deploy academics to calibrate the damage from stigma.

The pity is that we're caught here in a pseudo-science of our own making. At the beginning of his testimony, Dr. Meyer offered an example of the problem we face that is as compelling as it is incapable of mathematical appraisal. In the 1969 blockbuster book, Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex* (*But Were Afraid to Ask), this question-and-answer was included on the subject of homosexual couples:

Q: What about the happy homosexual couples who've lived together for a long time?

A: Happy homosexuals are might rare birds among the homosexual flock. Morever, the 'happy' part remains to be seen. The bitterest argument between a husband and wife is a passionate love sonnet by comparison with a dialogue between a butch and his queen. Live together? Yes. Happily? Hardly.

In 1969, this was not only not maddeningly offensive, it was the reason of its day. No homosexual now can read such words without feeling a sickening sensation. And I hope no responsible heterosexual would feel differently. Of course Dr. Meyer and others would want to answer such a charge (and so many others), which pervaded even academic thinking in those years and many more afterward. In light of the notion's wide acceptance, of course he would want to answer the accusation (and it is an accusation) in objective, scientifically verifiable ways so that there would be no doubt about its wrongness.

But that's not the way it works. You can't measure pain, or prejudice or stigma. And you can't respond to something that isn't science with something that purports to be.
I am one of those people who grew up when this book was all the rage, and I, too, in all my ignorance, eagerly looked for the parts dealing with homosexuality, mostly because there was nothing else at the time that I knew of which dealt with the subject.

Was I harmed? You bet. Did the stigma affect me? Absolutely. But I think people are wasting their time trying to assign a percentage to it, or a weight or an amplitude.

Science is the left's military, and the left misapplies it, just as the right does with our armed forces, in situations where it has no business being. Science is one of the glories of mankind, and particularly of the last two centuries. But today was not its finest moment.

One commenter on my previous post shares Dale Carpenter's cautious pessimism about our chances of winning the Prop. 8 case in the Supreme Court. The commenter is resigned to us having to live through our own Plessy v. Ferguson.

Actually, we've already done that. Losing this case wouldn't be our Plessy, it would be our second Bowers v. Hardwick. Like this case, we were represented in Bowers by some of the finest legal minds of the time, including Harvard's Lawrence Tribe. It was viewed as a perfect test case of the constitutional right to privacy. Police actually entered the bedroom of a same-sex couple and, following a universal policy by law enforcement to simply ignore prosecutions for private, consensual acts of sodomy between adults, didn't file charges. What use, then, was the law? How many criminal laws are virtually never enforced when the police actually observe the offense being committed? The case had everything going for it.

And we lost.

The Bowers opinion, in Justice Kennedy's words overturning it seventeen years later, "was not correct when it was decided, and it is not correct today."

That is the thing about thinking based on imperfect assumptions about small groups of people: Even a Supreme Court opinion doesn't need to be correct in its reasoning, it just needs to be convincing enough to pass muster at the time. The constitutional promise of equality is just that: a promise. Nothing more. Like everything else in a political world, it is subject to a psychological logic that has nothing to do with logic itself.

This has always been the concern of same-sex marriage supporters -- not that we are wrong, but that the court doesn't need to get it right the first time. The illogic of prejudice is always just enough to scrape by on; after all, the only people being harmed are a political minority. It is the majority that counts, even if the majority happens to be wrong.

My faith in American democracy is in the ability to get it right in the long term. It took time, but we saw the mistake of Plessy, and of Bowers, and ultimately aligned our law with the reason that was always, if elusively there. If we lose Perry, we'll eventually be able to correct that, too. It may not be in our generation, but the fact that we tried, and gave a court of law the ability to do the right thing will be our gift to the future.

No one will miss actually seeing the public trial of Prop. 8 more than me. As someone with a day job, I have to rely on the liveblogs and posts and tweets of others to try and determine what has gone on in the courtroom. (As I write this, I find myself affecting a Southern accent and whispering, "I have always depended on the liveblogs of strangers.") As I've said before, there's nothing like going to the original source if you're trying to judge the truth of something.

But while the Supreme Court's decision was disappointing, I think people may have been unrealistic in thinking that the ability of the public to see these proceedings would be a boon for our side. I just don't believe that viewing the trial has "the potential to change the hearts and minds of countless Americans." With the exception of us gay geeks and law dorks, did anyone seriously think this would have been a ratings bonanza, a gay equivalent of the Clarence Thomas hearings?

YouTube or no, it is the fact of having the trial that is important. You can see that in the cross-examination of our witnesses, such as George Chauncey. As in the Prop. 8 commercials, our opponents take many things out of context in order to try and mischaracterize the record. But in a court of law, the witness has the ability to put those words right back into context, and shame the questioner. That seems to have happened a number of times . . . though of course I am only reporting hearsay here, since for some reason the testimony is not being made available directly.

Eventually, the result of the trial will be made public, including the judge's assessment of all the evidence, pro and con, and his conclusions about both the law and the facts. And, for the reviewing court (and hopefully the rest of us), the entire transcript, including the exhibits, will also be available as a public record.

In that sort of context, it is harder to get away with slanders and lies than it is in a 30-second TV spot - though I fully expect slanders and lies to be released about the trial and its result. That includes the lie and slander that witnesses for the opposition will be subjected to the tortures of the damned if they are required to be seen by the very public which, up until now, they have so assiduously courted.

As Dale Carpenter suggests, the Supreme Court's decision today may be an indication that we will ultimately lose there. But requiring our opponents to tell the truth under oath and in public - that is an enormous advance for us. Asking them to justify a discriminatory law based not on little formless fears but on actual, verifiable facts, whose truth has been tested by examination and cross-examination in public - that, as they say, is priceless.

Day two of the Prop. 8 trial was History Day. Professor Nancy Cott testified about the history of marriage, and Yale's Professor George Chauncey took the stand to review the way gays have been treated historically.

Chauncey's testimony, in particular, impressed me. The irrational fear that homosexuals will molest and somehow recruit children is a regular feature of anti-gay bias. Historically, homosexuals were believed to have no control over their sexual urges, and that put innocent children at risk. While this notion neither has nor had any basis in fact, and while heterosexuals are far more likely to actually abuse children, it is a fear that has an ancient and exasperating pedigree.

After hearing Chauncey's testimony, the Prop. 8 commercials that were entered into evidence looked even more unfair and chilling, even to those of us who know all too well the groundless fear they exploit. But Chauncey's testimony helped to explain something else, something more important that today's somewhat more civilized vocabulary might obscure.

When the L.A. historian Stuart Timmons was staying with me researching his book, Gay L.A., he showed me the L.A. Times archives he could access, dating back to the early parts of the 20th Century. But he told me that at first, he wasn't sure there were many articles about homosexuality; he could not find more than a handful. He knew there were thousands of criminal cases, beatings and deaths from the court documents he had been reading. Did the mainstream press just not cover those stories? Was it a political bias at the historically very conservative L.A. Times?

Then he realized that he was searching for words and phrases he was used to using: "homosexual" and "gay" and "sexual orientation." But those were not the words journalists would have used prior to our own time.

Try it for yourself. If you have access to any database of news stories up to about the 1960s, see how many articles you can find about homosexuality using the words you know to describe sexual orientation.

Than try using these: "deviant;" "degenerate;" "pervert."

That is the way homosexuality was both understood and reported (when it was reported at all) in days gone by.

Those are the words, and the preconceptions, that would have been dominant, if not exclusive in the minds of the single demographic we can most reliably count on to vote against us today - seniors. Those who grew up in the 1930s and 40s and 50s would have, first, avoided any possible discussion of such an unpleasant and impolite subject as homosexuality. That is how the closet - the don't ask, don't tell of its day -- accommodated the times.

But denial on such a wide scale has to begin fraying at the edges. And when homosexuality did come up, as Chauncey so vividly described -- in criminal trials, bar raids, and mass arrests - the reporting had a condemnatory force built-in. The police arrested a dozen sexual perverts; a high-profile degenerate was found in a love nest; a bar owner lost his license because his business catered to deviants.

It is no surprise that so many older voters simply cannot stomach a vote for our equality; the surprise is how many have been able to get past that uniform view of our supposed depravity. That residue of our inescapable immorality shaped their entire consciousness about us.

The radically changed vocabulary and conversation about homosexuality over the last three decades is the most profound change that our opponents have to fight against. There is still no shortage of people who willfully misunderstand homosexuality. But they do that against the knowledge that other people believe differently. That was virtually non-existent in the world Chauncey described. If you can't take the immorality of all homosexuals for granted, you have to justify blanket rules somehow. We will see, soon enough, what justifications the other side has.

The Internet abhors an information vacuum. While the U.S. Supreme Court dithers about whether a public trial should be available to the public in the entire nation, or just that portion of the public who can get to the courthouse, bloggers have taken up the slack. Karen Ocamb is posting updates from the trial at her site, and the Courage Campaign has set up a special live-blog just for the trial - and they're not the only ones.

Again, I have to plead common sense to the Justices. Every judge and every lawyer knows the problem with hearsay, with one person narrating what someone else has said. When it comes to discovering the truth, there is nothing like the original source - even the most trustworthy intermediaries get in the way.

I have a great deal of faith in Karen Ocamb and Rick Jacobs. But how much better an assessment can I - or anyone else, individually - make if we can see the witnesses, and the lawyers asking the questions, directly?

Or, stated in terms I hope the Supreme Court takes into account, is the public more likely to get an accurate picture of this trial by relying on the accounts of a few individuals who are dedicated or fortunate enough to be present at the courthouse, or are we better served by being able to see the trial for ourselves?

The court could not possibly prevent these people from reporting their observations of what is going on, nor could it even consider such a thing. But the people at the courthouse in particular are highly likely to have a strong predilection toward one side or the other (I trust that the anti-marriage side, too, has some observers present). Is the court's mission of objective truth-seeking really being served by preventing the public from actually seeing the proceedings directly? Are the Justices really prepared to rule that the hearsay which is objectionable in court, is, in fact, good enough for the public at large?

This question is a new one in light of the new ways we have to communicate. Up until now, it was inconceivable that a few non-journalists would be able to present their impressions of a trial -- or, more cynically, to spin it -- to the entire interested world. Now, that is not only possible, it is likely, given the high emotions on both sides of this case. But today, we don't need to worry about whether intermediaries have an agenda or not. What they say about the original source, if it is tainted, is easily remedied by presenting the original source, itself.

The only problem, then, is in obscuring the original source. The Justices could do that. I hope they don't.

It looks like the Prop. 8 trial is still going to be held under wraps while the U.S. Supreme Court determines how public a public trial can be.

This has been a longstanding purse-fight within the federal courts. Criminal trials must be public under the Sixth Amendment. The Seventh Amendment guarantees a right to a jury trial in civil cases, and while this, in connection with the rights of the press under the First Amendment, pretty obviously means civil trials, too, are public, the federal courts have bunkered themselves against too much scrutiny by anyone wielding anything more technologically sophisticated than a pen and a pad of paper.

It doesn't take much to show how comical this retrograde policy is: In the age of the internet, iPod Touch with video and YouTube, there are still people employed as "sketch artists" for courtroom proceedings. The only other place for them to ply their trade is at carnivals and seaside resorts.

While the Supreme Court (the Supreme Court, for God's sake) decides whether the trial court is ready for its close up, there are other ways to use your time productively. Ted Olson has a wonderful article in Newsweek once again articulating the fine and entirely consistent conservative argument for same-sex marriage, and pointing out how far out of their way conservatives have to go to argue anything else. Those of us who are non-liberal Democrats have always known how badly gay marriage fits into any notion of liberalism, which is part of the reason the left has had such a hard time defending it. It is far more naturally a conservative proposition, and the fact it has been mischaracterized as liberal shows how topsy-turvy the entire debate is.

And The New Yorker has an excellent background piece on the case. The section where the author accompanies gay marriage supporters going door-to-door in Orange County, California trying and win hearts and minds does a masterful job of showing how deeply the people who vote against us want to avoid hearing anything that might challenge their preconceptions and misunderstandings about homosexuality. This quote from a sixty-year old woman in an apron pretty much sums it up:

"I have grandchildren, and I've told them, 'None of you are going to be gay, and if any of you are I'm going to do everything I can to ungay you.' "

That's what this trial will be about. It'll be awfully nice to be able to see people defending that woman's side.