First published in National Journal, July 26, 2003.
Copyright © 2003 National Journal.
AS MY 3-YEAR-OLD NIECE likes to say: Calm down, everyone! On
June 26, in Lawrence v. Texas, the Supreme Court ruled state sodomy
laws unconstitutional. Only a few days earlier, Canada had
effectively legalized same-sex marriage, and there were rumblings
that the Massachusetts Supreme Court might do the same in that
state. So, when the U.S. Supreme Court planted itself on the side
of gay rights, something like hysteria ensued in the conservative
commentariat.
In an inflammatory dissent, Justice Antonin Scalia accused the
Court of undercutting not just sodomy laws but all morals
legislation, including the ban on same-sex marriage. The Family
Research Council, a prominent anti-gay lobby, said that Lawrence
would cover not only choice of sexual partner but "choice of
marital partner as well."
Within a few days, conservatives were saying not just that
same-sex marriage might happen but that it was practically a done
deal. Gay marriage, wrote Ramesh Ponnuru in National Review, is
"not quite inevitable." In the same magazine's online edition,
Maggie Gallagher, a conservative columnist, gave notice of the
apocalypse. "We are poised to lose the gay-marriage battle badly,"
she said. "It means losing the marriage debate. It means losing
limited government. It means losing American civilization."
As Scalia said in his Lawrence dissent: Do not believe it.
I support gay marriage. It would be good for homosexuals, good
for heterosexuals, and good for the institution of marriage --
especially as compared with the alternative, which is the
proliferation of "marriage lite" arrangements. If I could wave a
magic wand and summon same-sex marriage into existence, I would do
it. But I do not have a magic wand, and neither does the Supreme
Court. Herewith, a reality check.
- The Supreme Court has not undercut all morals
legislation. All it said is that if a legislature wants to
intrude in a fundamental way on a core right, lawmakers have to
give at least one better reason than just, "Because we
disapprove."
All laws are built on morality, and should be. Murder and rape
are illegal because they are wrong. But murder and rape are illegal
not only because they are wrong. They violate the rights
of others and cause personal and social harm. By contrast, there
are lots of things I could do that are immoral but not illegal.
Texas, in Lawrence, offered no plausible rationale for arresting
gay people other than the fact that the Legislature disapproved of
gay sex. Well, West Hollywood, a heavily gay jurisdiction, could
not arrest people for having heterosexual intercourse merely
because a majority of the city council disapproved of heterosexual
intercourse.
Gambling, prostitution, and pornography are economic
transactions, with all kinds of implications for neighborhoods and
communities. Incest opens the door to sexual predation within
families. Polygamy undermines marriage by leaving less-desirable
men short of partners. These days, criminal laws based solely on
moral disapprobation are few. Sodomy laws happen to be among
them.
Limits on the government's power to ban anything that it happens
to deem immoral are not new. They go all the way back to John
Locke. There are many ways to express disapproval without
threatening people with arrest. The Supreme Court merely told Texas
to go find one of them.
- The Court did not create a sweeping new right to privacy
or anything else. All it said was, if the law already gives
you the right to have an abortion in a hospital, then it certainly
gives you the right to have sex in your own home.
In the 1986 case of Bowers v. Hardwick, the Court famously said
that any claim of a constitutional right to sodomy must be
"facetious." But that ruling, inasmuch as it allowed the arrest of
people just for having sex at home, was at odds with more than 20
years of precedent. In Griswold v. Connecticut (1965), the Court
said that banning contraception violated "the right of marital
privacy." In Eisenstadt v. Baird (1972), it extended the same
privacy rights to unmarried people. By letting single people use
contraception, the Court gave them a constitutional right to have
non-procreative sex -- which is exactly what Texas arrested John
Geddes Lawrence and Tyron Garner for doing. Roe v. Wade, legalizing
abortion, extended the privacy right still further.
Note the Court's language in Lawrence: "The Texas statute
furthers no legitimate state interest which can justify its
intrusion into the personal and private life of the
individual" (italics added). Texas can restrict private conduct
with a good reason, and it can unreasonably restrict conduct that
isn't private. It just can't unreasonably restrict private conduct.
The Court is not creating a new right; it is merely saying it
wasn't kidding about an old one.
- The sodomy ruling won't lead to same-sex marriage.
Despite what Scalia says, it's hard to see how it could.
The whole point of Lawrence is to curtail an unwarranted state
intrusion into private conduct. You don't need a blood test and a
government license to have sex at home. By contrast, the whole
point of state-sanctioned marriage is that it is public. I can hold
a private commitment ceremony without any fear of arrest, but of
course what I won't have is a marriage license.
No doubt someone will bring a lawsuit demanding that the Supreme
Court find a constitutional right for gay people, like straight
people, to wed a partner of their choice. But this would not be a
privacy suit. It would be an equal-protection suit, saying that
states should not discriminate in the granting of marriage
licenses.
Discrimination law is not like privacy law. Because gays are not
what federal law calls a "suspect class," the government is
perfectly free to discriminate against them if it has a "rational
basis" for doing so. After Lawrence, a state can no longer cite the
illegality of gay sex as its reason to forbid gay marriage. But the
"rational basis" standard is a very permissive one -- almost any
public-policy rationale will do -- and states will not be short of
arguments as to why same-sex marriage does not serve the public
interest.
Is it possible that a conservative Supreme Court might invade
the inner sanctum of states' rights (marriage law has been within
the states' purview since colonial times) in order to ram same-sex
marriage down the throat of an unwilling public? Yes, and monkeys
might fly out of my posterior.
In any case, a lawsuit challenging marriage-license
discrimination would be decided on its own merits and under its own
branch of the law. The sodomy case would have little or nothing to
do with it.
- Massachusetts can't impose same-sex marriage on all of
America. For that matter, neither can Canada.
No state is obliged to recognize any foreign marriage. The
marriage of an 11-year-old Pakistani girl will cut no ice in
Michigan. Nor is any state obliged to recognize out-of-state
marriages.
It is true that the Constitution's "full faith and credit"
clause requires states to recognize each other's laws and
judgments. "However," notes Dale Carpenter, a constitutional law
professor at the University of Minnesota, "the full faith and
credit clause has never been interpreted to mean that every state
must recognize every marriage performed in every other state. Every
state reserves the right to refuse to recognize a marriage
performed in another state if that marriage would violate the
state's public policy."
This "public-policy exception" is well established. Another
lawyer I consulted said, "I have not found a single case where a
federal court has forced another state to recognize a marriage
where the state asserts that said marriage would violate the public
policy of the state." Moreover, he notes that many states have
"evasion statutes" that forbid going out of state to enter into a
marriage that would be prohibited in state. "None of these
provisions," he said, "have been struck down under full faith and
credit." Moreover, Congress has passed a federal law reiterating
that no state need recognize an out-of-state gay marriage.
So, might a conservative Supreme Court overturn all of those
precedents and laws and trample on states' rights in order to
impose Massachusetts's same-sex marriages on 49 other states? See
"monkeys flying out of my posterior," above.
Stirring up a gay-marriage panic serves the interests of
activists who support a federal constitutional amendment banning
same-sex marriage. But decisions made in a panic are seldom wise.
With its federalist structure, the United States is uniquely
positioned to settle gay marriage the right way: at the state
level. Without either a national ban or a national mandate, each
state is free to go its own way, acting as a distinct moral
community. Domestic law is best left to the people who are,
literally, closest to home.
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