First published on April 28, 2004, in the Chicago Free
Press.
Two questions often asked about the gay community are: How many
gays are there, and Where are they? The answer to the first
question remains as controverted as ever, but for the first time we
are beginning to obtain some approximation of the answer to the
second.
In a fascinating new book,
The Gay & Lesbian Atlas, Gary Gates and Jason Ost
of Washington, D.C.'s Urban Institute used 2000 census data from
the 600,000 same-sex couples who designated themselves "unmarried
partners" to plot the location patterns of those gay couples across
the U.S.
The handsomely produced, 230-page Atlas contains about 60 pages
of methodology, analysis and description. But the heart of the book
is the colored maps of each state and 25 major cities showing where
gay and lesbian couples live, displayed by county as well as census
tract (an area with 2000 people in it). The maps also show the
relative concentration of gay couples - low (forest green),
moderate (yellow), high (tan) and very high (burnt umber).
The best place to start is the national map on p.61 showing gay
couple densities displayed by county. The map shows that gay and
lesbian couples have higher concentrations in New England and
downstate New York, along the California coast and in southern
Florida. There is also a scattering through the southwest and
southeast U.S.
Not surprisingly California, our most populous state, has the
largest number of gay and lesbian couples, followed by New York,
Texas, Florida, Illinois, and Pennsylvania. But it turns out that
Vermont has the highest concentration (as a percentage of total
households) of gay couples - and considerably more lesbian than gay
male couples.
Also, interestingly, all the counties that have the greatest
concentration of gay men contain major cities, while more than half
of the counties with the highest concentration levels of lesbian
couples contain smaller cities and towns, particularly college
towns, and rural areas.
But counties hardly tell the whole story. For instance, Cook
County, Ill. (Chicago) shows up as "high" concentration on the
national map. But the map of Chicago itself (p.178), broken down by
individual census tracts, shows that same-sex couples are clustered
mainly on the north side toward lakefront.
More precisely, the separate Chicago maps for gays and lesbians
show that gay male couples are more concentrated in the densely
populated lakefront tracts while lesbian couples are a little more
likely to live away from the lake and are more widely dispersed
throughout the city - and the suburbs.
The same pattern holds for most other large cities: Gay men are
densely clustered in a few areas, often near the center of the
city, while lesbians are somewhat clustered and a little more
widely dispersed. In a few cities the gay and lesbian clustering
areas are markedly divergent.
The Atlas also tell us for each state and the 25 cities what
percentage of same-sex households have children, what percentage
are in various age brackets, and what percentage have a black,
white, or Hispanic householder (the person who completed the census
form).
Two questions arise. How can data about only a portion of gays
tell us much about where all gays live? And what is that
information good for anyway?
Even if only a small portion of same-sex couples identified
themselves (and I think the Gates and Ost significantly
overestimate the percentage who did), their location and density
patterns fit roughly with our observations about where gays live
for areas we know well.
As additional support, a Florida epidemiologist who compared the
gay male couples data with location patterns of gay and bisexual
men with HIV/AIDS, which would include single men as well as men in
couples, found a high correlation between the two.
Even without specific numbers, gay residential patterns are
useful for people who want to reach the gay community with public
service information - e.g., AIDS or breast cancer education - or
who want to provide social services to gays. Firms marketing
products to gays can concentrate their efforts on areas where gays
and/or lesbians actually live.
Gay concentration data should be particularly interesting to
gays themselves when they are thinking about where they want to
move to look for a job or retire and where in a particular city
they want to live in order to find gay friends and social
acceptance.
And finally, concentration data and even minimum numbers can let
unwary politicians know they have gays and lesbians in their
districts. Told that (at least) 55 gay couples lived in his town,
one state senator blurted out, "Surely you jest. Wow, I have never
met any of these people." (Whose fault is it if he has never met
any gay couples who are constituents? I'm just asking, that's
all.)
But most of all, the Atlas is just plain fun. Most of us like to
read about ourselves and the Atlas offers a lot of interesting
information in a visually appealing form.